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Argentina: North - Tinogasta
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inogasta, Fiambala, Belén and Andalgala?
Numerous tribes calchaquíes, pertaining to the diaguita nation populated valleys, broken and mountainous areas of the present Catamarca, those that were distributed in the following places: Santa Maria: lived by quilmes, los tolombones, los yokaviles, los ingamanas o incamanas o encamanas y los acalianes, cerca de Amaicha.
• Belén: huafines, faimafiles, culampajaos y quilmas - these last ones next to the river Quilmiuil or Qinmiuil. These towns plus which they inhabited neighboring valleys conformed the powerful and brave parcialidad Calchaquí.
• Andalgalá: andalgalas, tucumangastas o tucumanaos, aconquijas, mallis, huachaschis y huasanes.
• Pomán: pomanes, colrenos, belichas, mutquines, sijanes y saujiles.
• Tinogasta: abaucanes, pituiles, huatungastas, mayurucas y fiambalaos.
The arrival from the Incas to this region in century XV caused that the local languages let be used and passed to be "official language" quichua or quechua. These primitive inhabitants were mainly capable agriculturists, owners of techniques and an excellent engineering that allowed to cultivate excellent products practically in any place, specially in the heat of mountain. They knew techniques to conserve his foods by long times. Their houses were of stone, just like the excellent defensive strengths for times military as they are the ritual pucaráes and centers as it is the Shincal.
They got dressed in woven of wools of camelidaes and dyed articles with natural dyes, wore ushutas or ojotas, that were species of leather sandals. They were adorned painting the face, splendid hairs, hairbands, pens, adornments of silver, gold and bone shone proud.
They were excellent weavers and potters, of taken care of technical like those of the denominated Belén style.
The cordillerano step of San Francisco is nailed in Andean territory, which was populated by hunting and recolectores natives who received the cultural contribution of the Incas.
The transit by this step intensified when Juan Perez de Zurita settles down one strategy for dominion of the region, founding London, very near Copiapó in Chile. From there, the way between Catamarca and Atacama consolidates.
This Step was used like via of commercial interchange, supplying to populations of both side of the mountain range, acquiring much importance with the mining copper discoveries and silver in the Chilean north.
With the arrival of the Spanish invaders one begins history of blood and fire for the indigenous populations.
Diego de Almagro and Diego de Rojas, coming from the Alto Perú , undertake the conquest of Chile. After crossing Bolivia, and the provinces of Jujuy and Salta, penetrate at the end of 1535 in territory catamarqueño by the valley of Santa Maria.
In its route and leaving of side the gorge of Bethlehem, surely by the danger of an ambush of the natives, they follow by the hill of Shincal, until arriving at the present population of London, and crossing the gorge of Zapata, arrive at Tinogasta and by the passage of San Francisco, to Chile.
In 1561 it arrives at these earth Gregorio de Castañeda to replace Perez de Zurita, and decides nonsingle to change the name of London by New End, but that transfers it to the valley of Conando, where at the moment it is the city of Andalgalá. Taking advantage of everything this situation the diaguitas were revealed commanded by the cacique Don Juan de Calchaquí, indigenous hero, killing the Spaniards and destroying the city, after which and by about thirty years (1562-1591) the conquest of the Calchaquí region was interrupted.
Andalgalá had its origin in a founded Fort the 12 of 1658 July and was declared city in 1952. Bethlehem was founded the 20 of December of 1681 by the Presb.
Bartolomé de Olos and Aguilera.
The primitive and true name of Bethlehem is Famayfil, not only of the valley but also of the river that waters it. Its translation would be "of hills of back" or "behind the hill". It is today weave an important center of Vicuñá, calls, alpaca, guanaco and ewe.
Fiambala was founded on 1702 by Diego Frites de Carrizo. To 12 km of the city there are thermal water sources that arise to 1570 msnm, to 54º of temperature and are hypertonic, alkaline, rich in green seaweed with curativas properties.
The Valley of Fiambalá also denominated "Bolson de Fiambalá" has an important hydrographic network that it is fed mainly on defrostings of high summits of the northern end of the system of Famatina and gives rise to a main permanent water channel.
This valley is furrowed by the Fiambalá river that drains waters of the rivers Chuquisca, Antinaco and Colorado, until the locality of Fiambalá where it receives waters of the river Chaschuil - Guanchín, from the West. From it takes the name there from Abaucán river running to the South and happening through Tinogasta.  |
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