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Argentina: North - San Salvador de Jujuy
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ujuy, the India blood.
The investigators of the pre-Columbian past in the zone have maintained with persistence that the indigenous culture of the Argentine Northwest was influenced by the culture of Tiahuanaco very previous to the Incaica.
Others maintained that the Diaguita culture were dominated in the North and the West of Jujuy (the diaguitas occupied a small part of the west of the present provincial territory. They formed independent towns one of others, with his respective caciques and spoke a called language "cacana".)
Be that as it may, when the Spaniards arrived at this region, they found communities indigenous of Omaguacas (inhabited the region of the north of Jujuy, puna, the narrow throats who arrive at the great gorge humahuaqueña, the small valleys and slopes of the mountain ranges.
They were advanced of the province), Oclayas (in the valley of Jujuy, the part of the Xibi Xibi, Titaxi, Tilquiza, Jaire, Chijra and Zapla, until the skirts of hillocks of Perico. They were brave soldiers but they were not equaled to the omaguacas.) , and Jujuies (a generic denomination has possibly been given by the Hispanics to indicate the tribes that hid their houses towards the present sites of Cuyaya, the Almona and Juan Galan). The foundation of a city in the valley of Jujuy vió delayed not only by the brave one opposition indigenous to entrance of Spaniards, but that factor of more influence was fight which they maintained the Spaniards of Chile and Peru, which they tried respectively to dominate the territory of the Tucumán, which included at that time the today provinces of Salta and Jujuy.
After several insolvent attempts to found the city, beginning by which Perez de Zorita tried the 20 of August of 1561 with the name of Snows and located between the Rios Grande and Sivisivi, the population succumbed before the indigenous attacks and the fights internal to dominate the region from Peru and Chile, obtaining to subsist single to 1563. The sounded jurisdictional lawsuit of the Tucumán was finished when the 29 of August of 1563 a real certificate occurred to publicity that made of this region an independent government secreted of the Chilean usurpation that at its moment carried out Francisco de Villagra. By means of this document, the king ordered that Tucumán depended on Peru like immediate hierarchic authority. The natives, stimulated by their hostile siege to other populations, knocked down the region and they struck to the doors of the heroic city just refundada.
The valley of Jujuy was strategically important point, since that way the routes coming from Peru and those converged that were opened towards the progressive region of the South being united to the Atlantic.
For that reason the 13 of October of 1575, Don Pedro de Zárate founded, in the called zone Diamond End by the near union of the rivers that cross the city (Grande and the Chico), the city of San Francisco in the New Province of Álava, where at the moment is the cemetery of the Salvador.
The city reached a year of life barely, since also it was destroyed by the natives. Finally the Spanish military superiority finished prevailing and the 19 of April of 1593, Francisco de Argañaraz and Muguía founded San Salvador de Velazco on the Valley of Jujuy, the present provincial capital.
During the wars by independence, Jujuy became the scene of the battles between the Army of the North and the realistic forces.
Spent two years of the Revolution of May, Jujuy gave its better children.
The little military formation, to which the deficiency of necessary elements was added, and the numerical superiority took to the logical consequence of the defeats of Cotagaita, Nazareno and Desaguadero. Little the heads could make patriotic who successively they assumed the control of the Army of the North, like Francisco Ortiz de Ocampo, Antonio González Balcarce, Juan Jose Castelli and Juan Martín de Pueyrredón.
Only the triumph of the 7 of November of 1810 in Suipacha, that constitutes first Argentine victory in the war of the independence, obtained by the gauchos of the North commanded by Martín Miguel de Güemes with support of Buenosairean captain Balbastro, still elevates and maintains the faith. The figure of Manuel Belgrano is very well well-known by all the Argentineans and in individual by the jujeños, that have made of their image the hero by antonomasia of the national emancipation.
Belgrano arrived at Jujuy the 19 from May from 1812 and there it received the greeting of the town in general who saw in the Army of the North and in its new head, the solution to the threat of the realistic invasion. The situation was clear and their general lineamientos adjusted to the anticipated thing by the government, and thus the circumstances placed to Belgrano before a hard critical moment. Before the approach of enemy, Belgrano arranged that colonel Diaz Velez, retook the control of the vanguard in Humahuaca.
At night of the 22 of August the definitive order was distributed to leave the town and to the dawn of the following day all the citizenship jujeña left the city and in average afternoon it left the main body of the army, whereas Belgrano just left to the midnight. At night of the 23, the patriotic rear was attacked from diverse places and single it could be saved thanks to the energetic action of Zelaya Captain, who organized the crease enemy under fire.
The 24 of August entered the realistic vanguard Jujuy.
General Manuel Belgrano headed ordered retirement, develops well-known like the "Jujeño Exodus". Jujuy supported eleven realistic invasions.
Finally the 20 of February of 1813, the battle took place of Salta that it sealed the luck of I exercise realistic. A capable maneuver of Belgrano beforehand put in inferiority of conditions its enemy, whom it had to capitulate, suffering an overwhelming defeat.
Signed the capitulation, the Spaniards retired to Jujuy that this defendant by a strong fraction that had not capitulated. Of this city they continued the realists a march hurried towards the Alto Perú.
The jujeños e'migre's, after the victory, went to Jujuy leaving the army in Jumps. The 25 of February the new patriotic government recovered in the city, designating itself to colonel José Bolaños like Governor.
The expeditions followed one another to the Peru Stop until the health of Belgrano indicated the necessity of a spare part. Then San Martín with the attendance of Martín de Güemes and its military services gauchas, demonstrated how by force of cleverness, sacrifices and value without equal, they could release to its terruños several times knocked down in the swing of the operations.  |
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