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Argentina: Buenos Aires - Buenos Aires
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atin America Countries as Argentina, are a set of diverse cultures towns , languages and ethnic groups, whose present reality is the fruit of lengths and complexes historical processes.
The conquest and occupation of the Argentine territory began in the middle of century XVI and the native ones had already interrupted the advance of the Incas from Peru through Bolivia.
While they fought and they reduced to the natives, the Spaniards founded cities that served to them as support to continue their colonizador advance.
The primitive settlers of the present zone of influence of Buenos Aires were the Querandíes Indians.
The name of Querandíes was given by the Guaraníes since in his daily diet they consumed animal fat, meaning “men or people with fat”.
Physically, the Querandíes Indians showed a beautiful physicist, well proportionate, of high stature and extremely militant. They dressed a shelter leather, similar to the fur blanket; the women also used a skirt that covered its body until the knees.
Of a half sedentary life, grouped their leather awnings next to the watered down ones at the times of cold, and in summer they made his excursions or incursions towards the interior.
They were good runners - hunters, with arc, arrow and boleadora hunted perdices, deer, quails and ñandúes-. Its industry was the pottery.
They believed in a great God to which they called Soychu, that had a contender or spirit of badly: Gualichu.
With the Spaniards, they adopted the horse, generating a new way of life. Although they continued being nomadic, could be put in contact with other natives.
In 1516, the Spanish Juan de Soli´s disembarked in the coasts of the Río of the Plata, but the natives resisted to their attempt of conquest and the expedition failed.
Magallanes touched port shortly after and overcame the river of the Plata in search of a connection between the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific. When seeing that such connection did not exist, it continued sailing towards the south by the present Patagonia, taking contact with the Tehuelches, natives to those who called Patagones. After this, it discovered the Straits that takes its name and that connects the oceans Atlantic and Pacific.
Synthesizing, we can tell you that the currents of conquest and poblamiento developed by the Spaniards, left from three places: the Alto Peru, Chile and Asuncio´n of Paraguay.
From the Alto Peru the cities of Santiago of the Estero were based (1553), Tucumán (1565), Cordova (1573), Salta (1582), Catamarca (1583), the Rioja (1591) and Jujuy (1593). The current that left from Chile founded the cities of Mendoza (1561), San Juan (1562) and San Luis (1594). And the one that left Asuncio´n of Paraguay, Santa Fe (1573), Buenos Aires (1580) and Corrientes (1588). The indigenous resistance prevented to establish populations in the south.
The first foundation of Buenos Aires took place in March of 1536 by Don Pedro de Mendoza (1487-1537), who outside designated by advanced Carlos V like, “to conquer and to populate the earth that Soli´s are in the Río de, call of the Plata”. The exact place is not known with certainty on which it founded the city, since has not been the foundation act.
The 15 of June of 1536, a cruel battle between the Spaniards and the Querandíes Indians took place. In the fight approximately thousand Indians died and near forty Spaniards. The surviving Indians, allied themselves to others and destroyed the just founded city.
It will be another Spanish Conquistador, Juan de Garay (1528-1583) to whom in 1542, the advanced Juan Torres de Vera and Aragón entrusted to him to found a city to colonize the territories of the south and to populate the coast. He undertook then the march towards the Río of the Plata and in the present Plaza de Mayo, the 11 of June of 1580 he carried out the second foundation of Buenos Aires.
Juan de Garay called Santísima Trinidad and to his port Santa Maria of the Buenos Ayres.
(1581-1582) later made an expedition towards the south in search of the legendary City of the Césares and after carrying out other trips and explorations in the River plate region, it was died by the Indians to borders of the Carcarañá river, in the proximities of old hard the Sancti Spíritus.
The querandíes Indians, who lived in the environs, at the outset were friendly and obtained Spanish merchandize in exchange for originating food of the hunting and the fishing; but, suddenly, they chose to interrupt the contact and the food began to be scarce between the Spaniards.
With the intention to put under the querandíes, Pedro de Mendoza organized a military expedition to the control of his brother, Diego de Mendoza, who was defeated in the margins of the Luján river the 15 of June of 1536.
As of that moment, Buenos Aires was at the mercy of the hunger and of the sporadic attacks of the querandíes.
By the end of June the querandíes initiated the wall of Buenos Aires and the survival situation got worse for the Spaniards. The Indians finally were dispersed but in the skirmish they died near thousand expeditionary ones.
Seriously ill, Pedro de Mendoza delegated the control of the town to the captain Francisco Ruiz Galán until Ayolas returned and started off in the direction of Spain in April of 1537.
The conquest of the Río of the Plata was continued by Ayolas and the rest of the men who comprised of the original expedition of Pedro de Mendoza.
Whenever the Spaniards founded a city, they assigned a space in front of to the main seat to raise a town hall. Thence the government of the city through diverse civil employees was exerted (regidores, mayors, etc) who had to their position the justice tasks, police, public and taken care of supplying of the city. The building of the town hall of Buenos Aires, modified several times, was constructed by the Jesuits in the middle of century XVIII.
Another one of the typical buildings of the American cities was the fort. The most known all he was the one of Buenos Aires, that rose where today she is the president´s house (CASA Rosada). That and not the town hall, worked like seat of the governors, the virrey and after Primera Junta de Gobierno. It was constructed on an elevation from where the arrival of the boats could be controlled the Río of the Plata and be warned.
The port of Buenos Aires was a window to the world, but during years it was closed to the commerce by order of the virrey of Peru. That prohibition was deceived by the local retailers, who made of the contraband a forced form of survival.
From its foundation, Buenos Aires used the “Brook of the Navíos” for the merchandize disembarkation, since this one was a deep channel. The disembarkation was made of a very modest way: searched the boats, the boats approached the passengers and merchandize until the border since it did not exist soft.
The creation of the Virreinato of the Río of the Plata brought with himself its opening to the foreign ships, although with some reserves.
The Indians who inhabited the northwest of the present Argentine territory, continued fighting the Spanish domination and tried to follow the revolt example that the Tupac-Amaru Inca had taught to them, who finished being carved up in 1780. The Indians of Pampas and the Chaco also were a preoccupation for the River plate authorities by their frequent incursions on indigenous the unique poblados.Los that to a certain extent, had been put under the Spaniards were those who lived in the mesopotámica region.
In 1776, Spanish king Carlos III decided the provisory creation of the Virreinato of the Río of the Plata to assure a more effective control his American dominions. Until then, Buenos Aires and the interior depended of the Virreinato on the Peru, that had its capital in Lima.
The enormous distance that separated the Río of the Plata of the virreinal head had waked up the greed of English and Portuguese, that the contraband towards Buenos Aires and the zone obtained with from the Coast, harming to the real coffers.
The virreinato of the Río of the Plata became definitive in 1778, and four years later the regime of Intendencias was created, that returned more effective the state supervision.
It was divided in three governments: of the Río of the Plata, of the Tucumán and Cuyo.
The industry of leather export, and the increasing introduction of European manufactures by their port for the rest of the country, let grow the importance of Buenos Aires. It begins then, the process of transformation of the colonial order, that will culminate in the independence wars.
A strong located commercial bourgeoisie in the zone of the port of Buenos Aires, was the force that acted in the revolutionary movement of 1810, which created the Provincias Unidas of the Río of the Plata. The 25 of May of 1810, the town hall of Buenos Aires dismissed the virreinato and announced that of there in ahead it would govern in name of king Fernando VII.
Later, representations of several provinces met in Tucumán in March of 1816 and the 9 of July delegates proclaimed themselves independent of the Spanish dominion and declared the formation of the Provincias Unidas of South America (soon, Provincias Unidas of the Río of the Plata).
The later confrontations between Buenos Aires and the interior signed their evolution until their federalización.
The 20 of September of 1880 the Federalización of the City of Buenos Aires was sanctioned, which implied that completely, the income by the rights of customs of the port of the city, would be into the hands of the Estado Nacional.
The new president, Julio A. Roca, assumed his functions day 12 of October of 1880 with all the subject provinces to the central power and governing from Buenos Aires, turned the Capital Federal of the Republic. During its government the City of the Plata was founded to be the seat of the authorities of the province of Buenos Aires.
A great mass of immigrants arrived at the country between 1857 and 1914, period in which 3.300.000 people entered.
The 04/01/1881 are installed the Primer telephone in Buenos Aires.
In 1882 the first electrical power station settles and in he himself year the first refrigerator of the country is inaugurated.
In 1886 the construction of the port of Buenos Aires under the direction of Madero engineer begins.
In 1889 the works of opening of the present avenue of Mayo begin and in he himself year the telephone line under the Río of the Plata is qualified that united Buenos Aires with Montevideo being this one the first tended telephone cable under the water of the world.
The 09/07/1894 the Avenida de Mayo is inaugurated and in he himself year in November the public service of running water is qualified.
In 1896 the Primera takes place cinematographic exhibition.
In 1897 the first electrical street car is put into operation.
On 1898 the Jardín Botánico under the direction of the city planner is based Carlos Thays.
In 1903 the first taximeters circulate in the city and the following year the first transmission of radio is made.
In 1904 they circulate the first omnibus making around the Av. de Mayo.
In 1908 the Teatro is inaugurated Columbus.
In 1913 it begins to circulate Primera line of Subtes that unites Plaza de Mayo with Plaza Once.
The 24/08/1916 the first electrical railroad between Buenos Aires and Tigre is inaugurated.  |
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